· Origin
The ancestors of the Derung people are believed to have lived in the southwestern part of China for a long time. Over centuries, they gradually migrated and settled in the deep valleys and mountainous areas of what is now Gongshan County in Yunnan. The harsh geographical environment and relatively isolated location helped shape their unique cultural identity. The migration might have been driven by factors such as the search for better living resources, avoiding conflicts with other groups, and following the natural migration patterns of animals.

· Development
Throughout history, the Derung people have had limited but significant interactions with neighboring ethnic groups like the Nu, Lisu, and Tibetans. Through trade, they exchanged goods such as local agricultural products, handicrafts, and animal skins. Cultural exchanges also took place, including the sharing of traditional songs, dances, and religious beliefs. For example, some elements of Tibetan Buddhist art and rituals have had a subtle influence on the Derung's own cultural expressions. During different historical periods, they also participated in local economic activities, contributing to the development of the region's agriculture, forestry, and handicrafts.

· Modern Times
In modern times, with the implementation of China's ethnic minority policies, the living conditions of the Derung people have improved remarkably. The government has invested in infrastructure construction, including roads, schools, and medical facilities in Derung - inhabited areas. This has facilitated better access to education, healthcare, and economic opportunities. The Derung people actively participate in the modernization process while striving to preserve their traditional culture. They have embraced modern technology in agriculture and handicraft production, and some have engaged in tourism - related activities to showcase their unique culture to the outside world.

· Quantity
As of the 7th National Population Census in 2020, the population of the Derung Nationality in China is approximately 7,310, making them one of the smallest ethnic minority groups in China.

· Distribution
The majority of the Derung people live in the Derung River Valley in Gongshan Derung and Nu Autonomous County, Nujiang Lisu Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province. This area is located in the northwestern part of Yunnan, with a complex topography of high mountains, deep valleys, and dense forests. The climate is subtropical mountainous, with distinct wet and dry seasons. There are also small Derung communities in adjacent areas, where they have adapted to the local ecological environment and engaged in activities such as slash - and - burn agriculture, hunting, and gathering.

· Traditional Economy
Traditionally, the Derung economy was mainly based on slash - and - burn agriculture. They cultivated crops such as maize, millet, buckwheat, and beans on hillsides. Due to the limited arable land and harsh natural conditions, they also relied heavily on hunting and gathering. Hunting was an important activity, with animals like deer, wild boars, and birds being common targets. Gathering included collecting wild fruits, nuts, and medicinal herbs. Fishing in the local rivers and streams also provided a source of food. Handicrafts, such as basketry and wood - carving, were developed to meet daily needs, using locally available materials like bamboo and wood.

· Modern Economy
In modern times, the Derung economy has diversified. While slash - and - burn agriculture still exists to some extent, more stable forms of agriculture, such as terraced farming, have been introduced. They now grow a wider variety of crops, including rice, wheat, and vegetables. Livestock farming, mainly raising pigs, cattle, and chickens, has also become more common. Tourism has emerged as an important economic sector. The unique Derung culture, beautiful natural scenery, and traditional villages attract a growing number of tourists. Many Derung communities have developed cultural tourism projects, offering services such as homestays, guided tours, and traditional performances, which have increased the income of local residents. Additionally, some Derung people are engaged in small - scale businesses, such as opening shops and restaurants.

· Language and Script
The Derung language belongs to the Tibetan - Burman branch of the Sino - Tibetan language family. In the past, the Derung people did not have a written script. In modern times, the Chinese government has helped create a Roman - based written system for the Derung language to facilitate language preservation and education. Many Derung people are bilingual, speaking both Derung and Chinese, which helps them communicate with the outside world and integrate into the broader Chinese society. Education plays a crucial role in language preservation, with Derung - language courses being offered in some schools in Derung - inhabited areas.

· Religious Beliefs
Animism is the core of the Derung people's religious beliefs. They believe that everything in nature, including mountains, rivers, trees, and animals, has a spirit. These spirits can influence their lives, so they perform various rituals to appease and communicate with them. For example, before starting a hunting or farming season, they hold ceremonies to祈求 (qǐqiú, pray for) good luck and a bountiful harvest. Tibetan Buddhism has also had some influence on the Derung, especially in terms of religious art and some ritual elements. Monasteries and religious leaders play important roles in the spiritual life of the community, providing guidance and conducting religious ceremonies.

· Clothing
Traditional Derung clothing is simple and practical, reflecting their adaptation to the mountainous environment. Men usually wear a short - sleeved shirt made of linen or cotton fabric, paired with loose - fitting trousers. They may also wear a fur vest or a jacket in cold weather. A hat made of animal fur or cloth is often worn to protect against the sun and cold. Women's clothing is more colorful. They wear a long - sleeved blouse with a high collar, usually decorated with colorful embroidery. A long skirt made of bright - colored cloth is worn below the blouse, and a belt is tied around the waist. Women also wear various accessories such as necklaces, bracelets, and earrings made of beads, shells, and metals. In modern times, while traditional clothing is still worn on special occasions and religious festivals, daily clothing has become more similar to that of the mainstream Chinese population in urban areas.

· Literature
Derung literature includes both oral and written forms. Oral literature is rich and diverse, including folk tales, legends, songs, and proverbs. These oral works are passed down from generation to generation through storytelling and singing, conveying the history, values, and beliefs of the Derung people. Folk tales often feature heroes, magical creatures, and moral lessons, reflecting the Derung people's imagination and their understanding of the world. Written literature is relatively less developed due to the lack of a traditional written script in the past. However, in recent years, with the creation of the Derung written system, more Derung writers have started to express their thoughts and feelings about life, culture, and society in written form, contributing to the development of Derung literature.

· Transportation
In the past, due to the mountainous and forested terrain, the Derung people mainly relied on walking for transportation. They were skilled at navigating the rugged mountains and dense forests. For carrying goods, they used backpacks made of animal skins or cloth. In some areas, they also used simple sledges made of wood to transport heavy items on snowy or flat ground. In modern times, with the development of infrastructure in Derung - inhabited areas, roads have been built, and motorcycles, cars, and buses have become common means of transportation on land. However, in some remote mountainous villages, walking is still the main way to get around.

· Medicine
Traditional Derung medicine is based on a combination of local herbal knowledge and some folk medical practices. Derung healers have extensive knowledge of local herbs and plants and use them to treat various diseases. They believe in the balance of the body's energy and the harmony between the body and the environment. Traditional medical practices include herbal remedies, massage, and bone - setting. In recent years, with the improvement of medical conditions in Derung - inhabited areas, traditional Derung medicine has been integrated with modern medical systems to provide more comprehensive medical services for the people. Modern medical facilities such as clinics and hospitals have been established, and medical staff are trained to combine traditional and modern medical knowledge.

· Calendar
The Derung people have their own traditional calendar system based on the observation of natural phenomena such as the growth cycles of plants, the migration patterns of animals, and the changes in weather. This calendar helps them determine the best time for farming, hunting, and other activities. In modern times, they also use the Gregorian calendar for daily life and modern economic activities, but the traditional calendar still plays an important role in guiding their traditional agricultural and cultural practices.

· Music
Derung music is characterized by its simple and melodious tunes, often reflecting the life, emotions, and religious beliefs of the Derung people. Folk songs are an important form of Derung music, covering topics such as love, labor, and nature. Traditional Derung musical instruments include the "kulü" (a kind of bamboo flute), the "dülü" (a wooden drum), and the "shülü" (a stringed instrument made of bamboo and animal sinew). During religious festivals, weddings, and other important celebrations, Derung people gather together to sing and play music, creating a joyful and solemn atmosphere. Music is also an important part of religious ceremonies, used to express reverence and devotion to the spirits.

· Dance
Derung dance is often performed during religious festivals and social gatherings. The dances are usually lively and energetic, with movements that reflect the characteristics of Derung culture and religious beliefs. For example, some dances imitate the actions of hunting, farming, and animal movements, showing the deep - rooted connection between the Derung people and their traditional lifestyle. The dancers often wear traditional clothing, adding to the visual appeal of the performances. Dance is not only a form of entertainment but also a way to pass on cultural traditions and strengthen community bonds.

· Architecture
Traditional Derung architecture is designed to meet the needs of their local environment and cultural lifestyle. Derung villages are usually built on hillsides or in valleys, with houses arranged in a scattered or semi - clustered manner. Traditional houses are mainly made of wood and bamboo, with a sloped roof covered with thatch or wooden planks. The interior of the house is divided into several rooms, including a living room, a bedroom, and a kitchen. Some houses have a fireplace in the center of the living room, which is used for cooking, heating, and gathering. In modern times, with the improvement of living standards, some Derung people have built brick - and - concrete houses, but they still retain some traditional architectural elements, such as the sloped roof and the layout of the rooms.

· Arts and Crafts
Derung arts and crafts are renowned for their fine workmanship and unique designs. The most famous crafts include basketry, wood - carving, and weaving. Derung baskets are made from bamboo or rattan and are known for their durability and beautiful patterns. They are used for carrying goods, storing food, and as decorative items. Wood - carving is another important craft, with Derung artisans carving various figures, animals, and religious symbols on wood. Weaving is mainly used to make clothing, blankets, and belts, with colorful patterns and intricate designs.

· Etiquette
Derung etiquette is based on respect, hospitality, and politeness. When guests arrive at a Derung home, they are usually greeted warmly with a smile and a handshake. The host will offer tea or homemade wine to the guests, and it is customary to accept these offerings as a sign of respect. During meals, guests are often served the best food, and it is polite to praise the host's cooking. The Derung people also place great importance on helping others, especially the poor, the elderly, and the disabled. In social interactions, it is important to be honest, sincere, and show genuine concern for others.

· Marriage Customs
Derung marriage customs are a combination of traditional practices and religious rituals. Marriages are usually arranged by the families of the bride and groom, but the consent of the couple is also essential. The engagement ceremony is an important step, during which the groom's family presents gifts such as livestock, clothing, and jewelry to the bride's family as a sign of respect and goodwill. The wedding ceremony is a grand event that combines religious and civil elements. The bride and groom wear traditional wedding attire, and there are a series of ceremonies, such as the blessing by the religious leader, the exchange of gifts, and the throwing of rice grains. After the wedding, there is usually a wedding reception to celebrate the union of the two families, with traditional music and dance performances.

· Festivals
The Derung people celebrate a variety of festivals throughout the year, including religious festivals and some national festivals. The major religious festivals include the "Kaogawa Festival," which is an important occasion for the Derung people to express their gratitude to the spirits and pray for a good harvest and good luck. During this festival, people wear traditional clothing, hold religious ceremonies, and participate in various cultural activities such as singing, dancing, and sports competitions. The Spring Festival and the National Day are also celebrated by the Derung people following the general customs of the Chinese nation, which helps strengthen their sense of national identity and unity.

· Diet
Derung cuisine is influenced by their agricultural and hunting lifestyle and local ingredients. Maize is a staple food, and they make various dishes from it, such as maize cakes and porridge. Meat, especially pork, beef, and game meat, is also an important part of their diet, and is often cooked in stews, grilled, or roasted. Dairy products are not very common in their traditional diet. Vegetables and wild herbs are widely consumed, with dishes featuring potatoes, cabbages, and various wild greens. Tea is an important beverage and is often served with meals or during social gatherings.

· Funeral Customs
Derung funeral customs are based on animist beliefs and religious rituals. When a person dies, the body is cleaned and dressed in clean clothes. The family and relatives hold a wake, during which they sing funeral songs and pray for the soul of the deceased. The funeral ceremony is then performed, usually with the participation of a religious leader. The body is usually buried in a local cemetery, and some rituals are carried out to ensure the smooth transition of the soul to the afterlife. During the funeral period, family and friends gather to pay their respects and offer condolences. After the funeral, there is a period of mourning, during which the family avoids certain activities and follows specific customs to show respect for the deceased.